Literature

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Mancala games play a major role in some literature (including "orature"), a minor in many more works. The following lists are meant as an overview on this rather neglected field of mancala research. It includes oral and written, native and western literature, legends, proverbs, poems, children's books and novels, but no scientific publications of any kind.

Traditional oral literature
Title Ethnic Group Language Country Type Role Description
Bao naligwa Swahili Swahili Kenya (Mombasa) Poem major Composed by Muyaka bin Haji in the 1820s.
"Bao proverbs" Swahili & Bajun Swahili Kenya, Tanzania Proverb major Several bao proverbs and sayings have been listed here.
"Giuthi proverbs" Gĩkũyũ Gĩkũyũ Kenya Proverb major One giuthi proverb is listed here.
Golden Oware Counters Ashante Ashante Ghana Historical legend major The story of Ntim Gyakari, King of Denkyira, who was killed from the Juaben king Yiadom Adarkwa while playing oware with golden counters.
Gurihoeseb Damara Nama Namibia Creation myth minor About the first man; hūs game between humans and animals.
"Hūs proverbs" Damara, Namaqua Nama Namibia Proverb major Several hūs proverbs and sayings have been listed here.
Ishvara Devere Tuluva Tulu India Story (Paddana) major Husband and wife playing cenne.
Koti and Chenayya Tuluva Tulu India Legend major Gambling for cashewnuts.
"Layli goobalay proverbs" Somali Somali Somalia Proverb major One layli goobalay proverb is listed here.
Mahabharata Sanskrit Indians India Epic poem major According to David Schulman, a well-known Indologist, the gambling game, which figures highly significantly, is not, as scholars had always assumed, dice, but manqala.
"Oware proverbs" Ashante Ashante Ghana Proverb major One oware proverb is given here.
"Omweso proverbs" Baganda Luganda Uganda Proverb major Several omweso proverbs and sayings have been listed here.
Pallanguzhi kriti Tamils Tamil India Devotional song major Male superiority (background).
Sankhambi and the Baboons Venda Venda South Africa Creation myth major Mefuvha game played between baboons and humans.
Sindillo Maasai Maa Tanzania Creation myth minor Invention of en gehé.
"Songo fun stories" Pangwe Songo Cameroon Fun story major Numerous songo ewondo stories were recorded by the German ethnologue Tessmann.
Sundjata Mandinka Mandinka Mali Epic minor About the founder of the Mali kingdom, mentioning wori.
"Sungka riddle" Filipino Filipino Philippines Riddle major A Philippine sungka riddle can be found here.
The Game Board Nebri (?) Ethiopia Folk tale major About a gebeta board (story).
The story of Nalla and Damyanti Sanskrit Indians India Story major According to David Schulman, a well-known Indologist, the gambling game, which figures highly significantly, is not, as scholars had always assumed, dice, but manqala.
The Story of Maiyage and Maipage Tuluva Tulu India Story (Paddana) major Two sisters are playing sita ata while their parents are searching for husbands for them.
The Story of Siva Tuluva Tulu India Legend major About the founder of the Siri cult.
The Story of Sonne and Ginde Tuluva Tulu India Story (Paddana) major Women playing cenne while their grandfather is preparing them for marriage.
"Warri proverbs" Antiguan English Antigua & Barbuda Proverb major One warri proverb can be found here.
Traditional written literature
Title Author Country Place Year Language Type Role Description
Hezār wa-Yek Shab (Kitāb Alf Layla wa-Layla) Abu abd-Allah Muhammed el-Gahshigar (Arabic compiler and translator) Persia Baghdad 8th-9th century AD Persian (translated into Arabic) Epic minimal Based on orature; called Arabian Nights in Europe; mentions mancala in a game list
Kitāb al-Aghani Ali Abul al-Faraj al-Isfahani Persia Baghdad 10th century Arabic Collection of Songs and Poems minimal 24 volumes; brief mention of mancala
Modern children's literature
Title Author Publisher Place Year Language Type Role Description
The Golden Oware Counters J. O. de Graft Hanson Ghana Publishing Corporation Tema (Ghana) 1991 English Novel major About the Asante-Denkyira Wars with imaginary characters.
Trouble Jane Kurtz Gulliver Books Orlando FL (USA) 1997 English Picture book major About a boy in Ethiopia who is distracted from goat herding by a mancala game made by his father.
The Chief in Chinatown Elaine Masters Island Heritage Publishing Waipahi HI (USA) 1998 English Novel minor Kalah instructions at the end of the book.
The Gospel According to Larry Janet Tashjian Henry Holt and Company New York NY (USA) 2001 English Novel minimal On materialism. Short note on "Peter's mancala game".
When the Elephants Dance Tess Uriza Holte Crown Publishers New York NY (USA) 2002 English Novel minimal Short note on sungka.
It's back to school we go Ellen Jackson Millbrook Press Minneapolis MN (USA) 2003 English Picture book minor Short note on mancala in Kenya.
Sungka and Smiling Irish Eyes Natalie Gonzales-Sullaway Imprint Books  ? (USA) 2003 English Novel major On cultural identity.
Addy's Little Brother Connie Porter Pleasant Company Publications & American Girl, LLC Middleton WI (USA) 2006 English Short Story minor Life of a liberated slave girl shortly after the American Civil War.
Modern adult literature
Title Author Publisher Place Year Language Type Role Description
Sweet Ruin Cathi Hanauer Atria Books New York NY (USA) 2006 English Novel minimal About a couple recovering from the loss of an infant son.

References

Claus, P. J. 
(1987) 'Mancala (cenne) in Tulu Myth and Cult', in Claus, P. J., Pattanayak, D. P. & Handoo, J. Indian Folklore II, Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages Press.
Claus, P. J. 
(2006) Re: Cenne. E-mail to R. Gering, September 17.
Jama Musse Jama 
(2002) Layli Goobalay: Variante Somala del Gioco Nazionale Africano, Pisa: Redsea-Online Publishing Group.
Klobah, M. 
(2005) 'Sowing the Seeds of Knowledge in Children's Literature: Sociocultural Values in J. O. de Graft Hanson's The Golden Oware Counters', in Children's Literature Association Quarterly; 30 (2): 152-163.
Schmidt, S. 
(1975) 'Einige Bemerkungen zum "Loch"-Spiel (Mankala) in Südwestafrika', in Journal - SWA Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft / Scientific Society (Windhoek, Namibia) 1974/75; 29: 67-77.
Shackell, R. S. 
(1934) 'Mweso: The Board Game', in Uganda Journal (Kampala, Uganda); 2 (July): 14-20.
Shackell, R. S. 
(1935) 'More about Mweso', in Uganda Journal (Kampala, Uganda); 3 (July): 119-129.
Starr, F. 
(1909) A Little Book of Filipino Riddles, New York: World Book Co. Yonkers; 145.
Stayt, H. A. 
(1931) The BaVenda, Oxford: Oxford University Press; 310+355-356+364-367.
Tessmann, G. 
(1912) Die Pangwe, Berlin: Ernst Wasmuth A.-G. (Volume 2): 310-315.
Townshend, P. 
(1982) 'Bao (Mankala): The Swahili Ethic in African Idiom', in Paideuma; 28: 175-191.
Voogt, A. J. de. 
(1995) Limits of the Mind: Towards a Characterisation of Bao Mastership, Leiden: CNWS Publications.
Voogt, A. J. de. 
(2003) 'Muyaka's Poetry in the History of Bao', in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies; 66: 61-65.
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